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Architecture
Section of the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore,
Florence.Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek,
αρχιτεκτων, "a master builder", from αρχι- "chief, leader" and τεκτων, "builder,
carpenter")[1] is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A
wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment: from
the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the
microlevel of creating details and furniture. The term "Architecture" is also
used for the profession of providing architectural services.
Architectural design involves the manipulation of space, volume, texture, light,
shadow, and abstract elements in order to achieve an aesthetic end, and the
manipulation of the programmatic use of space to serve a social end. This
distinguishes Architecture from the applied science of engineering which usually
concentrates on the structural and feasibility aspects of design. Architectural
works are also seen as cultural and political symbols and works of
art.Historical civilizations are often known primarily through their
architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the
Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are an important link in public
consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization
through other means.
By extension, the term "architecture" has come to denote the art and discipline
of creating an actual, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of any complex
object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of
abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of
natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological
cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as
software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings.The
role of the architect, although constantly not evolving, has been central to the
design and implementation of the environments in which people live. Architects
must have the skills and knowledge to design, plan and oversee a diverse range
of projects, from a small residence to a large stadium.
History
This section is a brief history of architectural practice. For a description of
architectural styles see Main article: Architectural history.Vernacular
architecture in Denmark. Origins and the ancient world.Architecture first
evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and
means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures
developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and
practices, architecture became a craft. Here there is first a process of trial
and error, and later improvisation or replication of a successful trial. What is
termed Vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the
world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people
experience every day.Angkor, Cambodia.Early human settlements were essentially
rural. As surplus of production began to occur, rural societies transformed into
urban ones and cities began to evolve, such as that of Çatal Huyuk in Anatolia
and Mohenjo Daro in India. In many ancient civilizations, such as that of the
Egyptians' and Mesopotamians', architecture and urbanism reflected the constant
engagement with the divine and the supernatural, while in other ancient cultures
such as Persia architecture and urban planning was used to exemplify the power
of the state.The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilisations such
as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or
empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural styles developed.Learn
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